Challenges of Covid-19 Medical Waste Management in Indonesia: A Multi-stakeholder Perspective

Abdul KODIR^a,b*, Ardyanto TANJUNG^a,c, Metha ROSYENDRA^a,c, Mochamad SAPUTRA^a,b
aCenter for Disaster, Mitigation, and Environmental Studies Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang No. 5, Malang, Indonesia
 ^bDepartment of Sociology Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang No. 5, Malang, Indonesia
^cDepartment of Geography Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang No. 5, Malang, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: e-mail: abdul.kodir.fis@um.ac.id

The increase in the number of positive Covid-19 patients in Indonesia shows that the Indonesian government has not been fully prepared to face this outbreak. Recently, most of patients have been treated in several hospitals and emergency hospitals designated for Covid-19 patients. As a consequence, there has been an increase in Covid-19 medical waste. This study aims to explain how the management of Covid-19 medical waste is carried out by several stakeholders who are responsible for managing this hazardous waste.

This study used qualitative research methods. The process of collecting primary data is carried out by interviewing stakeholders such as the Director of the Hospital, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Health, environmental NGOs, and private parties managing hazardous and toxic waste (B3). Meanwhile, secondary data sources are processed from legislation, literature, and data related to Covid-19 waste management, such as the capacity for treating B3 waste, Increasing Medical Waste, Managing Hazardous Waste Elimination, etc.

The results of this study indicate that the government has planned the development of medical waste treatment. However, it is hampered because the policy will only be implemented in 2020 – 2024. Meanwhile, from the private sector, the main problem faced is that not all private waste management companies still do not have an incinerator permit. Moreover, in the perspective of hospital managers, apart from having limited incinerators, some of the challenges faced in managing covid-19 waste are low supervision in waste management so that many parties recycle the waste.

Keywords: Covid-19, Waste Management, Indonesia, Multi-stakeholders

Assessment of municipal waste management systems using performance indicators to analyze recycling capacity. The case study of Corumbataí basin, São Paulo state, Brazil

Fernanda Giffoni Fernandes Luz^a, Ladislav Rozenský^b*, Zdeněk Vrba^b, Justin Michael Hansen^c, Jan Lípa^b, Josef Dolista^b, Martin Vítek^b, Marcus César Avezum Alves de Castro^a
a Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista; UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil;
^b* Department of Humanities in Medicine, 1^st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Karlovo náměstí 40, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic;
^c College of Arts and Sciences, Tykesson Hall, 1245 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1245, USA
E-mail: giffoni.f@gmail.com, Rladislav@seznam.cz*, zdenek@vrbovi.eu, jmhansen30@hotmail.com, jan.lipa@centrum.cz, Josef.dolista@centrum.cz, mccastro@rc.unesp.br
*Corresponding author

The analysis of waste management practices is a multidimensional challenge faced by authorities, especially in developing countries, where actions are needed to reduce, reuse and increase recycling. Performance indicators are often used to assess the quality of municipal solid waste management systems. However, some studies suggest that different realities require different indicators to evaluate the quality of management systems. Moreover, effective data on the reality of municipalities are scarce, especially on the work carried out by the informal sector within the waste management systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate a set of indicators in order to examine the recycling modes and capacity of six municipalities in the interior of São Paulo estate in Brazil. Focus was placed on how the collection of the material for recycling is carried out. The analysis revealed that the municipalities have selective collection being carried out in urban areas, but in different ways and not always with the support of the public power. The reality found in this study points to a great participation of the informal collection in the recycling capacity of the cities surveyed.This study estimates approximately 8 % of refuse are collected by the informal recycling of the total amount estimated for generation every year in the investigated cities. The average recycling rate in selected cities is 10.8 %.

Keywords: Municipal waste management; waste indicators; informal sector; recycling.

Reducing the content of zinc in metallurgical waste in a rotary kiln

Vladislav KURKA ^a, Petr JONŠTA ^a, Ondřej KOTÁSEK ^a, Petr MLČOCH ^b
a MATERIÁLOVÝ A METALURGICKÝ VÝZKUM s.r.o (MATERIAL AND METALLURGICAL RESEARCH Ltd.), Pohraniční 693/31, 703 00 Ostrava-Vítkovice;
^b TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s., Průmyslová 1000 Staré Město 739 61 Třinec.
E-mail: vladislav.kurka@mmvyzkum.cz

Based on literature analysis, the design and subsequent implementation of the unique and experimental “Laboratory developed thermal equipment for treating metallurgical waste” was carried out. This experimental equipment is used for researching the heat treatment of metallurgical waste, especially in reducing the proportion of non-ferrous metals. This research work aids in the removal of harmful impurities in sludge and their possible reuse as charges in smelters or raw materials for other industries. Described here is the research work carried out on experimental equipment designed to reduce the content of zinc from sludge generated during steel production. Two methods for heat treating steelmaking sludge are described, the first without the addition of graphite and the second with the addition of graphite. Both thermal treatments show a high level of zinc removal, but in the case of adding graphite, the removal of zinc is several times higher compared to thermal treatment without graphite. The work was carried out as part of the project “Research on the processing of metallurgical waste, materials and by-products from metallurgical plants and related operations, number CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008426”.

Keywords: waste, slag, sludge, lead, zinc, thermal treatment

A magnetic hydrophobic sorbent for removal of oil products from water surface

Věnceslava TOKAROVÁ^a, Stanislava STIBOROVÁ^a, Pavel BĚLECKÝ ^a, Aleš KAŠPÁREK ^a, Joanna E. OLSZOWKA ^b
a Unipetrol výzkumně vzdělávací centrum, Revoluční 84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
^b Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30239 Kraków, Poland
E-mail: venceslava.tokarova@unicre.cz, stanislava.stiborova@unicre.cz, pavel.belecky@unicre.cz, ales.kasparek@unicre.cz, joanna.olszowka@jh-inst.cas.cz

In this article, a development of a hydrophobized sorbent with a silica gel matrix and incorporated magnetite particles is described, porosities and surface areas are measured by nitrogen sorption and desorption isotherms both at pure silica gels and sorbents with incorporated magnetite particles. For a precipitation of silica gel from potassium water glass, four different diluted acids were used (sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric and acetic). Nitric and sulphuric acids showed the best results, because silica gels from both these acids contained about 1 cm³ of pores per 1 g with a size in the mesopore range. Moreover, the precipitation of silica gel with nitric acid provided the silica gel with surface area above 900 m²/g, which is almost 1¾ times more than in the case of the silica gel prepared from sulphuric acid. Silica gels prepared from all four acids were formed by extrusion with 10, 20 and 30 g of magnetite per 100 g of silica gel dry matter. All silica gel extrudates with magnetite particles were also measured by nitrogen sorption and desorption isotherms to determine their surface area and porosity data. A correlation between magnetite contents and porosities was not obvious. Anyway, for needed magnetic properties to collect the sorbent from water surfaces, 10 g of magnetite per 100 g of silica gel dry matter were sufficient. Silica gel extrudates were hydrophobized by silanization with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane and then tested for a sorption of Diesel fuel spills from water surfaces.  The extrudates caught roughly 1.3 g of Diesel fuel per 1 g of the sorbent with a sorption efficiency 90 %.

Keywords: hydrophobic magnetic sorbent, silica gel, Diesel fuel

Use of mineral wool in building envelopes with regards to their future recycling

Pavel TESÁREK^a, Jan TREJBAL^a, Jan RICHTER^b, Zdeněk PROŠEK^a
a Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic; e-mail: jan.trejbal@fsv.cvut.cz;
^b Czech Technical University in Prague, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, 273 43 Buštěhrad, Czech Republic
*Corresponding author

The paper presents research results that are focused on development building envelopes based on recycled materials. The main aim is to utilize construction and demolition waste and to save mineral resources. Moreover, it is also targeted to design such constructions which are suitable for further and multiple recycling. The designed envelope is made from building blocks and rock wool heat insulation. The blocks were made of recycled finely ground concrete. The insulation was designed in two variants regarding its further recycling. In the University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, CTU in Prague, the building envelope having 10 square meters was made during 10/2020 which is now exposed to real conditions of exterior. Currently, a long-term monitoring is in progress, focusing on temperature-humidity measurement and material degradation. Ongoing data show that both constructions follow the behavior of standard materials. The constructions thus exhibit potential for repeatable recycling, that will be done using the newly developed machine for rock wools recycling in 10/2021.

Keywords: Construction and Demolition Waste, Recycling, Building Envelope, Masonry Blocks, Cement Composite, Heat Insulation system, Heat-moisture Behavior

Verification of the effectiveness of municipal waste prevention (case study)

Zuzana PUCHEROVÁ, Dominika BÁTORY
Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic
E-mail: zpucherova@ukf.sk, dominika.batory@student.ukf.sk

The basis of our experiments were 4 different model families, living in different conditions and in different parts of the Slovak Republic (district Trnava – city Trnava) and district Ružomberok – city Ružomberok and the village Likavka). In particular, the members of these households had different habits and behaviours in relation to waste and the environment. In 4 model families in the individual months in 2019 (from January to December 31) we tracked the amount of their produced municipal waste. At the same time, if the household separated selected components of municipal waste, their weight was determined (e.g., plastics, metals, multilayer composite materials, paper, glass, biowaste). The aim of our case study is to point out the obvious and fundamental differences in the behavior of 4 different Slovak model families, which we had the opportunity to monitor not only in terms of the total production of mixed municipal waste (MMW) but also in terms of the number of selected types of sorted components throughout 2019. The results of individual members of the model families were compared with the average amount of waste produced per capita in 2019 in the Slovak Republic (435 kg) and in the EU (450 kg). Despite the fact that members of the model family 4 separated a considerable amount of waste (143.11 kg), in 2019 they produced the largest amount of MMW (471.48 kg) because used disposable baby diapers were also disposed of within it. The model family 1, in which members are not involved in waste sorting, produced MMW (388.63 kg) and all this was disposed of by collection and subsequent landfilling. MMW in the model family 2 accounted for a smaller amount (138.00 kg) due to the sorting of waste in this household. By involving members of the model family 3 not only in waste separation but also in waste prevention, the smallest amount of MMW was produced in this household - only 2.39 kg. By comparing 4 model families in terms of their year-round production of municipal waste, separated components, or waste prevention, we point out that different behaviour in waste management also brings different results.

Keywords: municipal solid waste, waste separation, waste prevention, zero-waste

Phytomass as a renewable energy source in conditions of the Czech Republic

Jan FRYDRYCH^a, Lucie JEZERSKÁ^b*, Ilona GERNDTOVÁ^c, David ANDERT^c, Lenka BRADÁČOVÁ^a, Veronika SASSMANOVÁ^d
aOSEVA Development and Research Ltd., Hamerská 698, 756 54 Zubří, Czech Republic;
^bVSB – Technical University of Ostrava, ENET Centre, Bulk Solids Centre, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
^cResearch Institute of Agricultural Engineering, p.r.i., P.O. Box 54, Drnovská 507/73, 161 00 Praha-Ruzyně, Czech Republic;
^dVSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Power Engineering, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
e-mail: frydrych@oseva.cz, lucie.jezerska@vsb.cz *, ilona.gerndtova@vuzt.cz
* Corresponding author

A new research carried out in 2018 – 2020 addressed the use of grasses as catch crops in order to determine the production of dry matter and energy in selected grass species and their mixtures. Mixtures of Lolium perenne 'Kentaur', Festuca rubra 'Zulu' and Festuca arundinacea 'Kora' were included in the research. Grasses were established during the business year in three terms as summer, stubble and winter catch crops. In 2019, the dry matter yield of selected grass mixtures ranged between 5.5 t.ha^-1 and 12.7 t.ha^-1. The stated yields correspond to a tonne of coal equivalent of 3.33 t.ha^-1 to 7.6 t.ha^-1. Dry matter yield in 2020 for selected grass mixtures ranges between 5 t.ha^-1 and 12.3 t.ha^-1. The stated yields correspond to a tonne of coal equivalent of 3.03 t.ha^-1 to 7.36 t.ha^-1. At the same time, dry matter production was monitored in 2018 – 2020 on an uncultivated land, former meadows and an arable land at one site. Dry matter production ranged between 1.08 and 1.53 t.ha^-1. This also corresponds to the energy production of 0.62 – 0.92 t.ha^-1 equivalent tonne of coal equivalent. The total production of dry matter and energy is 6 – 8 times lower compared to the monitored grass mixtures usable as catch crops. The occurrence of weeds dangerous in sowing procedures of agricultural production such as Elymus repens, Cirsium sp., Rumex sp. has been reported on an uncultivated land. From an agricultural and landscape perspective such negative phenomena in the form of spontaneous fallow land must be eliminated. Intercrops increase the stability of the landscape agroecosystem, especially in relation to soil, and based on this research grasses grown as intercrops can be recommended and used in agricultural sowing practices. The resulting biomass of catch crops can be used for bioenergy purposes.

Keywords: Grass, catch crops, dry matter, tonne of coal equivalent, spontaneous fallow

Assessment of waste management of the City of Prague based on monitoring of sorted components of municipal waste and analysis of the composition of mixed municipal waste

Dagmar VOLOŠINOVÁ, Robert KOŘÍNEK
T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p. r. i.

Due to the high population density of the capital city of Prague and the diversity of development, an efficient system of collection, processing and disposal of municipal waste is essential. With the continuing economic growth and the growing number of inhabitants, the sustainable satisfaction of the capital needs. The City of Prague requires a holistic and integrated waste management model in the field of waste management. To set up the model, it is necessary to know detailed data on the production and management of municipal waste. Analyzes of mixed municipal waste are used to obtain input data. The analysis methodologies used so far are not uniform and, in our opinion, insufficient. In the article, we would like to present the results of a two-year project and the methodology used to obtain more comprehensive data for setting up municipal waste management.